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Your direct supplier doesn't reveal who your operation truly depends on

In 2000, no economy held more than 28% of world value added in any manufacturing industry. By 2024, China held 37% to 47% in five, the OECD says.

Brutalit newsroom · 4 min read
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In this article

    A company's dependence on a country or supplier does not show up in full in the records of who sells to it. The methodological lesson comes from a study the OECD published on November 5, 2026, according to which one has to look beyond bilateral trade statistics, because there are indirect dependencies that extend beyond direct trading partners.

    What happened

    The OECD published a policy note (OECD Policy Brief) on economic security in global production, focused on dependencies and vulnerabilities in value chains. The analysis uses the organization's own inter-country input-output database and compares data from 2000 and 2024.

    The numbers show a concentration that did not exist at the start of the century. In 2000, no economy accounted for more than 28% of world value added in any manufacturing industry, while in 2024 China accounted for about 37% to 47% in five industries.

    The study also measures who is the largest foreign source of value in each country's and industry's final demand. China held that position in about 4% of these relationships in 2000 and in 40% in 2024, far ahead of the runner-up.

    The central conclusion is that changes in the geographic concentration of production and in supplier relationships alter countries' exposure to external shocks, including through indirect dependencies that extend beyond direct trading partners.

    Why it matters

    The study deals with countries, but the reasoning applies to any company. A product's value is the sum of what was added at each stage, and those stages can be spread across many places. Anyone who looks only at the invoice from the last link sees the seller and misses the origin.

    Consider a hypothetical example. A manufacturer buys a component from a domestic distributor and considers the item "local." If much of that component's value comes from a single producing region, the risk of shortages or price hikes lies there, not with the distributor.

    For decision-makers, the question "whom do I buy from?" gives way to another: "where does the value of what I buy come from?" The second requires data most companies don't organize.

    What changes for you

    If you are the owner: the risk map that reaches the board probably lists direct suppliers. It is worth asking whether anyone knows, for the items that could halt operations, who sits in the second and third tiers.

    If you lead sales: the delivery dates you promise customers depend on a chain you don't control. Knowing where it is concentrated helps you price the risk and avoid commitments that a distant shock could break.

    If you run operations: safety stock and a second supplier only protect you if the origin is actually different. Two suppliers that buy from the same place are a single dependency with two names.

    What changes in Brazil

    In Brazilian industry, this hidden layer may be even thicker. Companies that buy from distributors or from suppliers in third countries may depend on an origin that appears in no record, and diversification achieved simply by switching sellers would protect less than it seems.

    Understanding this layer, on the other hand, becomes an advantage. Those who know where their own costs come from negotiate better and react sooner when prices or lead times change.

    The OECD summary does not break out the Brazilian case, so what remains is reasoning to test against your own supply chain, with no figure to cite.

    The play

    1. Pick the items that would halt operations. There is no need to map everything. Start with the five to ten inputs without which the company cannot deliver, and focus the effort there.
    2. Ask for the origin along with the price. Add a question about the origin of the main components to quotes and contract renewals. A supplier that can't answer is information too.
    3. Test the diversification you already have. For each item with more than one supplier, check whether the origins are truly distinct. Where they are not, treat it as a single dependency in inventory planning.

    The other side

    The OECD study measures countries and industries. The bridge between country and company is our own analysis, outside what the study concludes.

    Concentration is also not synonymous with imminent risk. A dominant supplier can be stable for years, and reducing dependence has a cost: higher prices, smaller scale and more management work. For many companies, the right answer will be to live with the concentration, but knowingly.

    There are also limits to how this can be read. The measure is value added, which on its own does not indicate which inputs are irreplaceable, and the series ends in 2024. This analysis is based on the summary published on the study's page.

    What to watch

    • Whether the OECD publishes country breakdowns from the same input-output database that include Brazil, which would make it possible to measure Brazilian industry's indirect exposure.
    • Whether direct suppliers start disclosing, in contracts and quotes, the origin of the components they resell.

    Questions to take to the meeting

    Is our supplier diversification real or in name only?

    If two suppliers buy the main component from the same place, there is only one dependency. The OECD study shows that exposure can come from indirect dependencies, beyond direct partners.

    Do our quotes ask for the origin of components, not just the price?

    Without that question, the company sees who sells and loses sight of where the value of what it buys comes from. Adding it at contract renewals costs little and shows which suppliers know their own chain.

    Who in the company is responsible for this map, and how often is it reviewed?

    It needs a named owner and a review on a set date, ideally tied to the budget or contract-renewal cycle. A dependency map drawn up once ages quickly.

    Sources
    1. Economic security in global production: Dependencies and vulnerabilities in GVCs (publicado em 5/11/2026) · OCDE
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